G10 HIST OPENER TERM 3 2026 MS

GRADE 10 SENIOR SCHOOL

OPENER EXAMINATION TERM 3 2026 HISTORY AND CITIZENSHIP MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A (20 MARKS)

1. Citizenship is the legal status and relationship between an individual and a sovereign state, conferring specific rights, privileges, duties, and responsibilities recognized under the law (Constitution of Kenya 2010).

Marking Allocation: 2 marks for a complete definition capturing legal status/relationship and rights/duties.

Examiner's Note: Accept definitions highlighting constitutional status and state membership.

2. Unwritten sources of History and Citizenship:• Oral traditions (folk tales, songs, proverbs, legends).• Archaeology and Palaeontology.• Anthropology (study of human culture and societies).• Linguistics (study of language development and relationships).• Genetics / DNA evidence.

Marking Allocation: 1 mark each for any 2 points = Total 2 marks.

3. Biological theories on origins of early human beings:• Evolution Theory / Darwinian Theory (natural selection and gradual modification).• Special Creation / Creationism Theory (divine creation by God/Supreme Being).

Marking Allocation: 1 mark each for the 2 theories = Total 2 marks.

Examiner's Note: Accept Creation Theory and Scientific/Evolution Theory.

4. Significance of fire discovery:• Warmth: Allowed humans to live in cold regions and during cold seasons.• Protection: Kept wild animals and predators away from campsites.• Cooked food: Softened meat and roots, making food easier to digest and killing bacteria.• Light: Illuminated caves and dark spaces, extending active hours into the night.• Tool hardening: Used to harden wooden spear tips for hunting.• Hunting tool: Used to drive wild animals into traps or over cliffs.

Marking Allocation: 1 mark each for any 2 well-explained points = Total 2 marks.

5. Characteristics of Egyptian Agriculture:• Reliance on annual Nile river flooding (silt deposition created fertile soils).• Practice of basin irrigation and use of the Shadoof (water-lifting device).• Cultivation of staple food and industrial crops (wheat, barley, flax, papyrus).• Storage of surplus grain in government granaries for famine periods.

Marking Allocation: 1 mark each for any 2 points = Total 2 marks.

6. Exports from Western Africa during Trans-Saharan Trade:• Gold• Ivory• Slaves• Kolanuts• Hides and skins / Leather goods• Ostrich feathers